Furthermore, dietary regimens incorporating LS1PE1 and LS2PE2 demonstrably boosted amylase and protease enzyme activity when contrasted with the LS1, LS2, and control groups (P < 0.005). The microbial analysis of narrow-clawed crayfish fed diets of LS1, LS2, LS1PE1, and LS2PE2 showed a significant increase in both total heterotrophic bacteria (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), surpassing the levels observed in the control group. Alvocidib The LS1PE1 group demonstrated a significantly higher haemocyte count (THC), large-granular cell (LGC) count, semigranular cell (SGC) count, and hyaline count (HC) compared to others, with a p-value less than 0.005. The LS1PE1 group showed superior immune function, evidenced by greater levels of lysozyme (LYZ), phenoloxidase (PO), nitroxidesynthetase (NOs), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Both LS1PE1 and LS2PE2 treatments exhibited a notable elevation in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), resulting in a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, specimens categorized as LS1, LS2, PE2, LS1PE1, and LS2PE2 displayed a heightened resistance to A. hydrophila, contrasting with the control group. Overall, the findings suggest a more efficient growth, immune enhancement, and disease resistance in narrow-clawed crayfish fed with a synbiotic diet compared to those fed either prebiotics or probiotics alone.
This research investigates the effects of leucine supplementation on the growth and development of muscle fibers in blunt snout bream, using a feeding trial and primary muscle cell treatment. The effects of 161% leucine (LL) and 215% leucine (HL) diets on blunt snout bream (mean initial weight 5656.083 grams) were assessed over an 8-week trial period. The results highlight the HL group's fish as having the best specific gain rate and condition factor. The levels of essential amino acids in fish fed with HL diets were significantly higher than those observed in fish fed with LL diets. The HL group fish showcased the greatest values for all measured characteristics: texture (hardness, springiness, resilience, and chewiness), small-sized fiber ratio, fiber density, and sarcomere lengths. Elevated dietary leucine levels positively correlated with a significant upregulation in protein expression associated with AMPK pathway activation (p-AMPK, AMPK, p-AMPK/AMPK, and SIRT1), and the expression of crucial genes for muscle fiber formation (myogenin (MYOG), myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4), myoblast determination protein (MYOD)), and the protein (Pax7). Muscle cells underwent a 24-hour in vitro treatment with three different leucine concentrations: 0, 40, and 160 mg/L. Leucine, at a concentration of 40mg/L, demonstrated a substantial rise in the protein expression levels of BCKDHA, Ampk, p-Ampk, p-Ampk/Ampk, Sirt1, and Pax7, and a significant increase in the gene expressions of myog, mrf4, and myogenic factor 5 (myf5) in muscle cells. Alvocidib In the end, incorporating leucine into the regimen stimulated the growth and proliferation of muscle fibers, which may be a consequence of triggering BCKDH and AMPK.
The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were fed a control diet (Control) alongside two experimental diets: one containing low protein and lysophospholipid (LP-Ly), and the other with low lipid and lysophospholipid (LL-Ly). The low-protein and low-lipid groups, respectively, received the addition of 1g/kg of lysophospholipids, represented by the LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups. Analysis of the 64-day feeding trial data showed no noteworthy variances in growth, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index metrics between largemouth bass in the LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups and the Control group, with a P-value exceeding 0.05. A noteworthy increase in condition factor and CP content was observed in whole fish of the LP-Ly group, statistically significant compared to the Control group (P < 0.05). A noteworthy decrease in serum total cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity was observed in both the LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups, relative to the Control group (P<0.005). Statistically significant higher protease and lipase activities were measured in the liver and intestine of the LL-Ly and LP-Ly groups, compared to those in the Control group (P < 0.005). A substantial reduction in liver enzyme activities and gene expression of fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 was observed in the Control group in comparison to both the LL-Ly and LP-Ly groups, a difference statistically significant (P < 0.005). Lysophospholipid addition resulted in a rise of beneficial bacteria, such as Cetobacterium and Acinetobacter, and a reduction in harmful bacteria, including Mycoplasma, within the intestinal microbiota. In closing, lysophospholipid supplementation in low-protein or low-lipid diets did not hinder largemouth bass growth, but rather activated intestinal digestive enzymes, boosted hepatic lipid processing, stimulated protein accumulation, and modified the composition and diversity of the intestinal microflora.
The burgeoning aquaculture industry leads to a comparative scarcity of fish oil, necessitating the immediate search for substitute lipid sources. The present study comprehensively examined the potential of poultry oil (PO) as a replacement for fish oil (FO) in the diets of tiger puffer fish (average initial body weight, 1228 grams). Experimental diets, graded in fish oil (FO) replacement with plant oil (PO) at levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively (FO-C, 25PO, 50PO, 75PO, and 100PO), were utilized in an 8-week feeding trial. A flow-through seawater system was utilized to conduct the feeding trial. Triplicate tanks were each fed a diet. Tiger puffer growth was not considerably influenced by the substitution of FO with PO, as revealed by the findings. Growth was positively influenced by the partial or complete substitution of FO with PO, ranging from 50% to 100% and even with minimal alterations. Although PO feeding presented a limited effect on the overall composition of fish bodies, the moisture level in their livers was observed to rise. Consumption of dietary PO tended to lower serum cholesterol and malondialdehyde values, whereas bile acid content increased. Elevated dietary PO levels directly and proportionally triggered an increase in the hepatic mRNA expression of the cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Correspondingly, high dietary levels of PO significantly enhanced the expression of the crucial regulatory enzyme in the bile acid biosynthetic pathway, cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase. The overall impact suggests that poultry oil is a reliable alternative to fish oil when formulating diets for tiger puffer. A 100% substitution of added fish oil with poultry oil in tiger puffer diets did not negatively affect growth and body composition.
Over 70 days, a feeding experiment was carried out to determine the replacement of fishmeal protein with degossypolized cottonseed protein in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) having an initial body weight between 130.9 and 50 grams. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, formulated with varying degrees of fishmeal protein substitution (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% DCP), were developed and respectively named FM (control), DCP20, DCP40, DCP60, and DCP80. Weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) were markedly elevated in the DCP20 group (26391% and 185% d-1) when compared to the control group (19479% and 154% d-1), as demonstrated by statistically significant results (P < 0.005). Importantly, a 20% DCP diet enhanced hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the fish, exhibiting a statistically significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.05). The DCP20, DCP40, and DCP80 groups showed a statistically significant reduction in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content when compared to the control group (P < 0.005). The DCP20 group displayed a statistically significant reduction in intestinal trypsin activity as compared to the control group (P<0.05). Alvocidib Hepatic proinflammatory cytokine gene transcription (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) was significantly elevated in the DCP20 and DCP40 groups relative to the control group (P<0.05). In the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway, the hepatic target of rapamycin (tor) and ribosomal protein (s6) transcripts increased substantially, whereas hepatic eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4e-bp1) gene transcripts decreased significantly in the DCP group compared to the control group (P < 0.005). Through the application of a broken-line regression model, the relationship between WGR, SGR, and dietary DCP replacement levels was examined, leading to the recommendation of 812% and 937% as the optimal replacement levels for large yellow croaker, respectively. Findings from this study indicated that the replacement of FM protein with 20% DCP augmented digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and the TOR pathway, leading to improved growth performance in juvenile large yellow croaker.
Aquaculture feed formulations are increasingly exploring macroalgae as a promising ingredient, contributing to various physiological benefits. Among the freshwater fish species, Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) has been the primary species produced worldwide in recent times. To investigate the feasibility of macroalgal wrack as a fish feed component, juvenile C. idella were fed either a commercial extruded diet (CD) or a diet supplemented with 7% of a 1mm wind-dried macroalgal powder. This powder was derived from either a multi-specific wrack (CD+MU7) or a monospecific wrack (CD+MO7) collected from the coastal regions of Gran Canaria, Spain. A 100-day feeding trial resulted in the assessment of fish survival, weight, and body index values, followed by the collection of muscle, liver, and digestive tract samples. The antioxidant defense response and digestive enzyme activity in fish were used to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of macroalgal wracks.